Maps of Power

Maps of Power

Radovanović 1924

Properties

ID	119029
System Class	Bibliography
Bibliography	Book
Case Study	Byzantino-Serbian Border Zones in Transition (1282–1355) , Historical Region of Macedonia TIB 16

Description

Vojislav S. Radovanović, Tikveš i Rajec. Antropogeografska ispitivanja (Naselja i poreklo stanovništva 17, Beograd 1924).

Relations

Places (10)

Name	Class	Begin	End	Description
Carev Dap (1)	Place			Our reasoning is based on the premise that the toponym “Car” (i.e. Tsar, Emperor) bears witness to imperial presence at the respective place. The toponym “Car” obviously indicates, apart from a possible physical presence of the Serbian Emperor, also a possibility of a causal link with the Byzantine Emperor or the Bulgarian Tsar. The toponym Carеv Dap is attested in the unpublished “Azbučna kartoteka na toponimi od istorisko-geografska Makedonija”, which is kept in the Krste Misirkov Institute of Macedonian Language (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje).
Careviḱ	Place			The village Careviḱ is registered in the Defters for the Nahiye Tikveš under the year 1519 and 1573 [Our reasoning is based on the premise that the toponym “Car” (i.e. Tsar, Emperor) bears witness to imperial presence at the respective place. The toponym “Car” obviously indicates, apart from a possible physical presence of the Serbian Emperor, also a possibility of a causal link with the Byzantine Emperor or the Bulgarian Tsar].
Gavriilovь Kamenь	Place			The Serbian Despot Konstantin Dragaš donated after 1376/1377 the village Gavriilovь Kamenь to the Monastery Hagios Panteleemon on the Holy Mount Athos (I ešte priložihь u Tikvešu Pešteru sь ljudmi i selo Šeškovo, Gavriilovь Kamenь).
Grьbavьcь	Place			The Serbian Despot Konstantin Dragaš donated after 1376/1377 the village Grьbavьcь to the Monastery Hagios Panteleemon on the Holy Mount Athos (I ešte priložihь u Tikvešu Pešteru sь ljudmi i selo Šeškovo, Gavriilovь Kamenь, Grьbavьcь). The village Grьbavьcь is registered in the Defters for the Nahiye Tikveš in the year 1519 and 1573.
Kavadarci, Drenovo, The Church of the Virgin Mary	Place			The church dedicated to Virgin is located near the village of Drenovo (Дреново), about 13 kilometers west of Kavadarci. Architecture: The Church of the Virgin in Drenova has not been preserved in its authentic form. The biggest renovation of the church took place at the beginning of the 19th century, when the northern and western walls of the church were rebuilt, and the southern wall was lowered. At the same time, a wooden gallery was built on the west side. Despite these changes to the original construction, it is possible to reconstruct the original architectural structure of the building. From the point of view of architectural typology, the church is a very interesting achievement. It is a special combination of a basilica and a church of the inscribed cross. The base of the inscribed cross has a nave, with a dome resting on massive pilasters, which are connected on the south, north and west sides by two-arched passages supported by columns. On the eastern side, there is a spacious altar space, the apse of which is semicircular on the inside, and five-sided on the outside. The space below the dome is surrounded on three sides by aisled spaces which ends on the eastern part with pastophoria. The side aisles of the ambulatory had galleries. The central aisle of the western part of the ambulatory, that is, the narthex, was also surmounted by a dome, or blind calotte. Sculptural Decoration: A certain part of the original sculptural decoration has been preserved in the Church of the Virgin in Drenova. The first group within the architectural sculpture of the church consists of spolia, probably taken from the nearby early Christian basilica in Mutičanski dol. The second group includes the sculptures that are still in the church today (a fragment built into the north jamb of the west door, the mullion of an altar bifora, the capitals of the columns, etc.), as well as the fragments that are kept in the Archaeological Museum in Sofia. The fragments are decorated with floral motifs, crosses and fantastic animals (griffins, lions). On the basis of stylistic peculiarities, i.e. the closest analogies (sculpture of the church of St. Sophia in Ohrid, fragments from the church of St. Stephen in Konča), the architectural sculpture from Drenovo is mostly dated to the 11th century. Moreover, it was assumed that the sculpture from Drenovo and Konče were made by the same workshop. Dating: On the basis of the presented architectural features of the church, i.e. the stylistic features of the sculptural decoration, the prevailing opinion in the scientific literature is that it is a monument of Byzantine architecture of the 11th century. In recent times, however, a different opinion has been expressed about the time of the creation of the church in Drenovo. Contrary to the views of her predecessors, Marica Šuput believes that the church was built in the fifth or sixth decade of the 14th century. She claims, that it could be the endowment of a Serbian nobleman from the time of king/emperor Dušan. In doing so, the author has in mind first of all the architectural features of the building, to which she finds the closest analogies in the church of the Virgin Olimpiotissa in Elassona, built in the second quarter of the mentioned century. Apart from that, Šuput believes that certain examples of architectural plastic due to their stylistic peculiarities belong to the art of the 14th century, which, although without explanation, was also considered by some earlier researchers (G. Petrov). Furthermore, Marica Šuput also takes into account the content of the very damaged fresco-inscription above the southern entrance to the building, in which, according to the reading of Radoslav Grujić, published by Vojislav Radovanović, is mentioned painter Dimitar who decorated the church in the time of emperor Stefan. Finally, the author draws attention to the fact that in 1378 Konstantin Dragaš donated a church to the monastery of Saint Panteleimon on Mount Athos.
Peštera	Place			The Serbian Despot Konstantin Dragaš donated after 1376/1377 the village Peštera with people to the Monastery Hagios Panteleemon on the Holy Mount Athos (I ešte priložihь u Tikvešu Pešteru sь ljudmi).
Pološko	Place			The Serbian King Stefan Uroš IV Dušan donated in February 1340 upon request of Despotissa Maria the Church of Saint George in Pološko to the Hilandar Monastery. The monastery was endowed with the village Pološko. The donation of the king comprised also of hamlets, mills, hay harvests and all rights of the village (selo Pološko s megami i sь zaselci i s mliny i sь sěnokosi i sь vsěmi pravinami sela toga). The Serbian Despot Konstantin Dragaš donated after 1376/1377 the Church of Saint George in Pološko and the village Pološko to the Monastery Hagios Panteleemon on the Holy Mount Athos (I ešte priložihь u Tikvešu... i nadь gradomь crьkovь Svety Georgie Položky na rěcě Črьnoi sь sely: selo Pološko). The village Pološko is registered in the Defters for the Nahiye Tikveš in the years 1519 and 1573.
Vozarce	Place			The Serbian Despot Konstantin Dragaš donated after 1376/1377 the village Vozarce to the Monastery Hagios Panteleemon on the Holy Mount Athos (I ešte priložihь u Tikvešu Pešteru sь ljudmi i selo Šeškovo, Gavriilovь Kamenь, Grьbavьcь, selo Vozarce). The village Vozarce is registered in the Defters for the Nahiye Tikveš in the year 1519 and 1573.
Zlešovo	Place			The Serbian Despot Konstantin Dragaš took away the village Zlešovo from his nobleman Dabiživ Spandulj and donated it after 1376/1377 to the Monastery Hagios Panteleemon on the Holy Mount Athos (I selo Zlešovo što uzehь u vlastelina moego Dabiživa). The village Zlešovo is registered in the Defters for the Nahiye Tikveš in the year 1519 and 1573 as Zleševo.
Šeškovo	Place			The Serbian Despot Konstantin Dragaš donated after 1376/1377 the village Šeškovo to the Monastery Hagios Panteleemon on the Holy Mount Athos (I ešte priložihь u Tikvešu Pešteru sь ljudmi i selo Šeškovo). The village Šeškovo is registered in the Defters for the Nahiye Tikveš in the year 1519 and 1573.

Actors (4)

Name	Class	Begin	End	Relation Type	Description
Dimitr’	Person				Mentioned in the fragmentary preserved inscription above the entrance on the south wall of the Church of the Holy Mother of God in Drenovo, which is dated to 1356 or later. He was a painter (zugraf). He decorated the church of the Holy Mother of God in Drenovo with paintings after the death of the Serbian Emperor Stefan (probably Uroš IV Dušan) at the same time as the dominion was controlled by Nikola (Nikola Stanjevikь?) and Marko (Markos, the King?) (sьzda se hram’ si v’ lě.. ѕ i ō.....i azь Dimitr’ zugraf priloh’ vь hramь sei...lě..z i d i pisah’ pri drž’avě Nikole i Markě po smrьti svetorodnago cara Stefana).
Dragusinos Ioannes	Person				He died before 1340. He appears as istin’ny i vsesrьdčny bratь kraljev’stva mi in the chrysobull charter of the Serbian King Stefan Uroš IV Dušan concerning the Church of Saint George at Pološko. He is mentioned as ΑΥΤΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΙΨΙΛΟΤΑΤΟΥ ΚΡΑΛΙ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΘΕΝΤΟΥ ΗΜΩΝ in the inscription next to his portrait. Most of the scholars believe that he was the son of the Despot Eltimeres and the βασίλισσα Marina. The wording of the inscription next to the portrait of his wife implies that he could be the son-in-law of Eltimeres (ΔΕΗΣΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΔΟΥΛΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΘΕΟΥ ΑΝ... ΣΙΝΒΙΟΥ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΘΥΓΑΤΡΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΔΕΣΠΟΤΟΥ). He had a son (ΔΕΗΣΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΔΟΥΛΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΘΕΟΥ ΔΡΑΓ...ΤΟΥ ΥΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ Ο ΘΕΟΣ ΣΟΣΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΗΣ ΕΤ Η ΠΟΛΑ). He was buried in the Church of Saint George at Pološko (ΕΚΟΙΜΙΘΕΙ Ο ΔΟΥΛΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΘΕΟΥ ΙΩΑΝΝΗΣ Ο ΔΡΑΓΟΥΣΙΝΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΙΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΔΕΣΠΟΤΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΑΛΔΙΜΙΡΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΙΨΙΛΟΤΑΤΟΥ ΚΡΑΛΙ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΘΕΝΤΟΥ ΗΜΩΝ ΓΕΓΟΝΕΝ ΔΕ Ο ΝΑΟΣ ΟΥΤΟΣ ΗΣ ΜΝΙΜΟΣΙΝΟΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΚΑΙ Ο ΘΕΟΣ ΣΟΣΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ). He is depicted together with his wife below the portrait of the Serbian King Stefan Uroš IV Dušan in the northern section of the western façade of the church.
Marina	Person				The wording of the greek inscription in the Church of Saint George at Pološko may support the assumption that she accepted the name Maria as a nun. Some authors think that her monk’s name was Marina. Mostly Bulgarian scholars tend to identify her with Marija († 7. 4. 1355) from the epitaph in the Church of Saint Demetrius in Skopje. She lived before 1343/1345 and maybe after it. She appears as βασίλισσα in the greek inscription. She was married to Despot Eltimeres (despotica). It is not clear, whether Ioannes Dragusinos was her son or son-in-law. She was the daughter of the Bulgarian Tsar Smilets. The marriage with Eltimeres took place before 1299. She emigrated to Serbia with her family after the death of her husband probably in 1305. She founded the Church of Saint George at Pološko as the burial place for Ioannes Dragusinos. She commissioned the fresco decoration of the church. Her portrait on the western facade near the entrance of the church is accompanied by a greek inscription (ΔΕΙΣΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΔΟΥΛΗΣ ΤΟΥ ΘΕΟΥ ΜΑΡΙΑΣ ΤΗΣ ... ΤΗΣ ΒΑΣΕΙΛΙΣΑΣ ΤΗΣ ΟΝΟΜΑΣΘΕΙΣΗΣ ΜΑΡΙΝΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΤΙΤΟΡΙΣΑΣ ΤΟΥ ΝΑΟΥ). She is depicted as a nun wearing the model of the church. The Serbian King Stefan Uroš IV Dušan donated the Church of Saint George at Pološko with endowment at the request of Marina (Maria) to the Monastery of Hilandar (da jestь tazi crьkvь i s těmizi selami Bogorodice hilan’dar’ske do dьni i do věka u pomenь kraljevstva mi i bratu kraljevstva mi Dragušinu i u večnu pametь, s volomь i sь hotěnijemь kraljevstva mi despotice).
Markos	Person				The fragmentary preserved inscription above the entrance on the south wall of the Church of the Holy Mother of God in Drenovo, which is dated to 1356 or later, refers to a painter Dimitr’, who worked on the decoration of the church Drenovo after the death of the Serbian Emperor Stefan (probably Uroš IV Dušan) at the same time as the dominion was controlled by Nikola (Nikola Stanjevikь?) and Marko (Markos, the King?) (sьzda se hram’ si v’ lě.. ѕ i ō.....i azь Dimitr’ zugraf priloh’ vь hramь sei...lě..z i d i pisah’ pri drž’avě Nikole i Markě po smrьti svetorodnago cara Stefana). The hypothesis about the identity of Marko from the inscription and Markos was refuted by Evgenij P. Naumov. He died on 17th May 1395. He appears in the sources as mladi kralj. He was the co–ruler of the Serbian Emperor Stefan Uroš V, 27.9.1371–2. (4.) 12. 1371, since 2. (4). 12. 1371 formal king of the Serbian Empire. He was the son of the Serbian King Demetrios Blukasinos and Lena. His siblings were Andrěašь, Dmitьrь, Ivanišь and Olivera. He was married to Jelena, the daughter of Radoslabos Chlapenos. He divorced her and lived then with Thodora, who was the daughter of a certain Grьgurь, probably Grьgurь Branković. After the romance with Thodora ended, Markos gave Thodora to Radoslabos Chlapenos and remarried Jelena according to dijak Dobre, who wrote about it in a note in the festal Menaion (Pysa se sija knyga u Porěči, u selě zovom Kalugerecь vь dьni blagověrnago kralja Mar’ka, jegda ōdade Thodoru Grьgurovu ženu Hlapenu, a uze ženu svoju prьvověn’čan’nu Jelenu, Hlapenovu dьštere). Markos divorced her again because of her bad behaviour according to Mauro Orbini. The later Greek chronicler Makarios Melissenos relates that Andronikos IV Palaiologos, the son of the Byzantine Emperor Ioannes V Palaiologos, together with his father-in-law Markos, who ruled over the Bulgarian land, sought help at the court of the Ottoman Sultan (καὶ τοῦ πενθεροῦ αὐτοῦ Μάρκου τοῦ τῆς Βουλγαρίας ἔτι μέρος δεσπόζοντος). In July 1361 he was in Dubrovnik as an emissary. The Ragusans gave him back his silver deposit under the condition that he will not trade with it and with the 25 pounds of silver, which belonged to Lena, his mother (Prima pars est de restituendo Marco ambaxiatori argentum suum cum hac conditione, quod non possit emere mercationes cum ipso nisi de libris XXV argenti uxoris Volcassini). Demetrios Blukasinos intended to marry Markos to the daughter of the Croatian nobleman Gregor Pavlović Šubić. Demetrios Blukasinos contacted therefore the Bosnian King Tvrtko at whose court the woman lived as a protégé. The plan of Demetrios Blukasinos failed because of the opposition of Pope Urban V, who did not allow to marry the catholic princess to schismatic Markos. Pope Urban V expressed his point of view to Tvrtko in a letter from April 1370 (quodque tu eandem puellam tradere nuptui filio mangnifici viri Regis Rascie scismatico absque dictorum parentum voluntate procuras, in anime ipsius puelle periculum, eorundem parentum iniuriam et offensam fidei christiane). Markos is attested along with his mother Lena and his brother Andrěašь in the charter of the Serbian King Demetrios Blukasinos for the Ragusan Republic, which was issued on 5th April 1370 (i po vʼse dni veselešti mi se vь zemʼli kraljevstva mi sь prěvьzljubljenʼnomь kraljestva mi kralicomь kyra Lěnom i sь prěvьzʼljubʼljenʼnimi synovi kraljevstva mi Markomь i Anьdrějašemь). The Church of Saint Sunday (Sveta Nedela) in Prizren was renovated under the patronage of Markos in 1370/1371. He is attested as a young king in the ktirorial inscription (izvōljenjemь ōtca i vьplьštenijemь sina i blagodětiju svetago duha. sii svety i božьstvny hramь prěčьstïe vladičice naše bogordice. vьhoda ne sьzda se ï popisa. Pōvělěnïemь ï sь ōtkupōmь gospodina mladago krala marka lěto ·ѕ·ō·o·th· indiktiōn th). Ioannes Unklesis mentioned Markos in the charter for the Monastery Lavra on the Holy Mount Athos from April 1371 as his anepsei. Markos and Demetrios Blukasinos planned a campaign against Nikola Altomanović in the spring 1371. They camped near Skutari, on the territory of their ally Đurađ I Balšić, in July 1371 and were ready to attack Onogošt in the land of Altomanović (Li çintili homini et lo comun di Ragusa reçevi una littera, la qual lor mandasti tu Andrea Pastrovich, dando lor a savere, ca Jura cum misser lo re Volchassin et cum Marco suo fio, cum lor hoste son suta Scutari, et va sovra çuppan Nicola o in Anagast). The attack never took place, because the Ottomans threatened Ioannes Unklesis. Demetrios Blukasinos rushed to help his brother. After Ioannes Unklesis and Demetrios Blukasinos were killed at the battle of Marica on 26th September 1371, Markos became the co–ruler of the Serbian Emperor Stefan Uroš V. When the Serbian Emperor Stefan Uroš V. died on 2th (or 4th) December 1371, Markos became the formal king of the Serbian Empire, but his rule was never accepted by the local Serbian aristocrats. Subsequently, the Serbian local aristocrats took advantage of the militarily weakened position of Markos and gradually seized large parts of his lands. Lazar took very early Priština and Novo Brdo, in 1372 Đurađ I Balšić occupied Prizren, later Kastoria, Bulkos (Vlkь Brankovikь) controlled since 1376/1377 the Skopje area and Konstantinos Dragases with his brother Ioannes expanded also their territory at the expense of Markos. Markos ruled since then over the area of Pelagonia and had his stronghold in Prilep. Markos minted his own coins. Markos renovated also the Church of the Saint Archangels in Prilep around 1372. The main entrance to the church is flanked by the painted portrait of Demetrios Blukasinos and Markos, who is depicted in the white sakkos. The portrait of Markos bears an inscription (Vь hrista boga věrenь kralь Marko). Markos became the vassal of the Ottoman sultan following the meeting at Serres in winter 1393/1394. Markos rebuilt the Saint Demetrius Monastery near the village Sušica (the so-called Marko’s Monastery) between 1376/1377 and 1381 (Izvōlenïemь ōtca i voplьšenïem sina i sьšestviemь svetago duha ōbnovi se i popisa si svety i božestavni hramь svetago velikōmučenika Hristova pobědōnosca i myrotočьca Dimitrija sь usrьdïemь i potštanïemь blagověrnago kralja Vlkašina sь blagověrniei kralice Eleny i sь prěvazljublenym eju i prьvorodnimь sinomь blagověrnimь kraljemь Markomь i Andreašemь i Ivanïšemь i Dimïtrom vь lěto ·ѕ·ō·p·e· si že monastirь nače se zdati lěto ·ѕ·ō·n·g· vь dni blagověrnago cara Stefana i hristoljubivago kralja Vlьkašina a sьvrši se vь dьni blagověrnago i hristoljubivago kralja Marka). The lunette of the south door of the monastery church is decorated with his portrait. Markos is shown holding a horn in his right hand and a scroll with the inscription Azь vь Hrista Boga blagověrьni kralь Markos sьzdahь i popisahь sy božestvni hramь. He together with his brother Markos marched in 1389 with the troops of the Ottoman Sultan Murad I against the army of the Serbian Prince Lazaros (Lazar Hrebeljanović) and Bulkos (Vuk Branković) according to the Tronoški rodoslov from the 18th century (Amuratь že ōbrativь voinstvō skoe na deržavu lazarevu, predvodimь markomь i andreemь). He together with Konstantinos Dragases as Ottoman vassals marched on the side of the Sultan Bayazid I. against the Wallachian army led by Mircea the Elder. He perished in the battle of Rovine on 17th May 1395. Markos is the hero of the Serbian epic poetry.